Role in the Body and Consequences of Deficiency

The primary role of vitamin E is to act as an antioxidant.Vitamin E is incorporated into the lipid portion of cell membranes and other molecules, protecting these structures from oxidative damage and preventing the propagation of lipid peroxidation [11].Vitamin E appears to have protective effects against cancer [35], heart disease [4], and complications of diabetes [4]. It is necessary for maintaining a healthy immune system [57], and it protects the thymus and circulating white blood cells from oxidative damage. Also, it may work synergistically with vitamin C in enhancing immune function [5]. In the eyes, vitamin E is needed for the development of the retina and protects against cataracts and macular degeneration [58].

Vitamin E deficiency is rare and occurs mostly in people with chronic liver disease and fat malabsorption syndromes such as celiac disease and cystic fibrosis. It can lead to nerve damage, lethargy, apathy, inability to concentrate, staggering gait, low thyroid hormone levels, decreased immune response, and anemia. Marginal vitamin E deficiency may be much more common and has been linked to an increased risk of CVD and cancer [42].