Inflammatory Disorders

Inflammatory Disorders is further divided into

Papulosquamous Skin Eruptions

» Name the papulosquamous skin eruptions.
» What is psoriasis?
» What is its incidence of psoriasis?
» List the different types of psoriasis.
» What is guttate psoriasis?
» Does pustular psoriasis refer to psoriasis that is secondarily infected?
» What is inverse psoriasis?
» Is there a genetic basis for psoriasis?
» If one of my relatives has psoriasis, what is the chance that I will get psoriasis?
» Name the types of psoriatic arthritis.
» Describe the clinical features of the psoriatic arthritides.
» What are the abnormal nail findings seen in psoriasis? Which is most common?
» Are there other nonskin manifestations of psoriasis?
» You are working in a dermatology clinic, seeing a patient with a rash that is possibly psoriasis. Outside the room, the attending asks if you noticed any evidence of the “Koebner phenomenon” or an “Auspitz sign” when you examined the patient. What are these?
» Name three types of drugs that precipitate or exacerbate psoriasis.
» What other factors can provoke or exacerbate psoriasis?
» Do systemic corticosteroids help psoriasis?
» What topical medications are used to treat psoriasis?
» How is ultraviolet radiation used to treat psoriasis?
» What systemic drugs are used to treat psoriasis?
» What biologic agents may be used in the treatment of psoriasis?
» Describe the rash of pityriasis rubra pilaris.
» Although pityriasis rubra pilaris can occur at any age, in what decades is it most often seen? What is the prognosis?
» How is pityriasis rubra pilaris treated?
» Describe the distribution of the “seborrheic areas.”
» What does seborrheic dermatitis look like?
» What causes seborrheic dermatitis?
» How can you differentiate between seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis of the scalp?
» How is seborrheic dermatitis treated?
» What is pityriasis rosea? Describe the characteristic rash.
» What is the cause of pityriasis rosea?
» In the dermatology clinic, a 20-year-old man presents who has been referred from the primary care clinic with a diagnosis of pityriasis rosea. He has a rash that looks like pityriasis rosea, but he complains of fevers, myalgias, and swollen lymph glands. He remembers having an ulcer on his penis several months ago. What test do you recommend?
» What are the two major types of parapsoriasis? Why is it important to differentiate between them?
» What is pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta?
» How is PLEVA treated?




Dermatitis (Eczema)

» What is dermatitis and why is it so important?
» What is atopy?
» Why is atopic dermatitis becoming more common?
» What are the diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis?
» What is the underlying defect in patients with atopic dermatitis?
» In atopic dermatitis, which comes first - the itch or the rash?
» Why does atopic dermatitis itch?
» Why do people like to scratch an itch?
» Does psychological stress worsen atopic dermatitis?
» Did John Phillip Sousa write the “Atopic March?”
» How does atopic dermatitis present at different ages?
» What physical findings are associated with atopic dermatitis? 
» What factors provoke or exacerbate atopic dermatitis? 
» How can your atopic patients relieve their pruritic agony and discomfort? 
» What is the role of antihistamines in atopic dermatitis?
» Describe the “two-pajamas treatment.”
» Is “hand dermatitis” a specific entity?
» What is pompholyx?
» How can pompholyx be managed?
» Describe the typical presentation of nummular eczema.
» What causes nummular eczema?
» Is there a cure for nummular eczema?
» How does seborrheic dermatitis present in children?
» How does seborrheic dermatitis present in adults?
» What causes seborrheic dermatitis, and with what disease states is it commonly found?
» Discuss the treatment approaches to seborrheic dermatitis. 
» What is an “id” reaction, and what does it have to do with Sigmund Freud?
» What are the most common settings for an id reaction and how should you treat it?
» What do you call dermatitis that covers virtually the whole cutaneous surface?
» How can you determine the cause of a patient’s exfoliative dermatitis?
» What general treatment measures are used to treat patients with exfoliative dermatitis?




Contact Dermatitis

» Name the two pathogenic types of contact dermatitis.
» Name the two subtypes of irritant contact dermatitis, and describe them.
» Explain the pathogenesis of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD).
» Can urticarial reactions occur from contact with a substance?
» Why is the distribution of a contact dermatitis rash important?
» List three common misperceptions regarding the location of a contact dermatitis.
» How is patch testing done?
» What substances are tested in the standard “screening” patch test?
» An astute physician should not need to patch test. Right?
» What is a repeated open application test (ROAT)?
» What is the differential diagnosis of contact dermatitis?
» Which is the most common allergen on the standard tray?
» Is nickel the most common allergen overall?
» If a change in a skin care product does not lead to clearing of a patient’s rash, does this mean that the original product was not the culprit?
» How is contact dermatitis managed?




Vesiculobullous Disorders

» What is the difference between a vesicle and a bulla?
» How are the bullous diseases defined?
» What things cause vesicles and bullae?
» How do you approach a patient who presents with an acute onset of a vesiculobullous eruption?
» Which skin findings are helpful in evaluating a patient with blisters?
» Do particular vesiculobullous diseases occur in characteristic distributions?
» Which tests are most useful in evaluating vesiculobullous diseases?
» How should a skin biopsy of a vesiculobullous eruption be performed?
» When are special tests necessary to diagnose blistering diseases of the skin?
» How are specimens obtained for direct immunofluorescence?
» For which vesiculobullous diseases are indirect immunofluorescence helpful?
» List the most common blistering diseases due to external agents.
» Name examples of drugs that can cause vesiculobullous eruptions.
» What is epidermolysis bullosa?
» Describe the other genetic blistering diseases.
» List the vesiculobullous diseases caused by metabolic disorders.
» Describe the clinical findings in bullous diabeticorum.
» What is the cause of pellagra?
» What is the difference between porphyria cutanea tarda and pseudoporphyria?
» What are the necrolytic erythemas?
» What is the difference between bullous pemphigoid and cicatricial pemphigoid?
» How do pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus differ?
» Linear IgA bullous dermatosis occurs in two different clinical situations. What are they?
» Describe the clinical findings in dermatitis herpetiformis.
» Does herpes gestationis have anything to do with herpes viruses?
» What is bullous systemic lupus erythematosus?
» What is epidermolysis bullosa acquisita?




Vesiculobullous Disorders

» What is the difference between a vesicle and a bulla?
» How are the bullous diseases defined?
» What things cause vesicles and bullae?
» How do you approach a patient who presents with an acute onset of a vesiculobullous eruption?
» Which skin findings are helpful in evaluating a patient with blisters?
» Do particular vesiculobullous diseases occur in characteristic distributions?
» Which tests are most useful in evaluating vesiculobullous diseases?
» How should a skin biopsy of a vesiculobullous eruption be performed?
» When are special tests necessary to diagnose blistering diseases of the skin?
» How are specimens obtained for direct immunofluorescence?
» For which vesiculobullous diseases are indirect immunofluorescence helpful?
» List the most common blistering diseases due to external agents.
» Name examples of drugs that can cause vesiculobullous eruptions.
» What is epidermolysis bullosa?
» Describe the other genetic blistering diseases.
» List the vesiculobullous diseases caused by metabolic disorders.
» Describe the clinical findings in bullous diabeticorum.
» What is the cause of pellagra?
» What is the difference between porphyria cutanea tarda and pseudoporphyria?
» What are the necrolytic erythemas?
» What is the difference between bullous pemphigoid and cicatricial pemphigoid?
» How do pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus differ?
» Linear IgA bullous dermatosis occurs in two different clinical situations. What are they?
» Describe the clinical findings in dermatitis herpetiformis.
» Does herpes gestationis have anything to do with herpes viruses?
» What is bullous systemic lupus erythematosus?
» What is epidermolysis bullosa acquisita?




Lichenoid Skin Eruptions

» How do lichenoid eruptions differ from other papulosquamous conditions?
» What does “lichenoid” mean?
» What is the most common lichenoid skin disease?
» What anatomic locations are most often affected by Lichen planus?
» Describe the characteristic primary skin lesions of Lichen planus.
» What are the characteristic oral findings of Lichen planus?
» Describe the isomorphic response of Lichen planus.
» What causes Lichen planus?
» What are the less common presentations of Lichen planus?
» How is 20-nail dystrophy related to Lichen planus?
» Is Lichen planus associated with systemic diseases?
» What is the prognosis of Lichen planus?
» What is the primary symptom of Lichen planus?
» Describe the characteristic histopathologic features of classic Lichen planus.
» How is lichen planus treated?
» What conditions enter the differential diagnosis of an “Lichen planus-like” eruption?
» Are Lichen planus and systemic lupus erythematosus related?
» Are Lichen planus and bullous pemphigoid related?
» Why is graft-versus-host disease a consideration in Lichen planus-like eruptions?
» Describe the primary lesion of lichen nitidus.
» What are the other clinical features of lichen nitidus?
» Does lichen nitidus demonstrate a lichenoid infiltrate upon biopsy?
» What is lichen striatus?
» Discuss the natural history and prognosis of lichen striatus.
» What is lichen simplex chronicus?
» How is lichen simplex chronicus treated?




Granulomatous Diseases of the Skin

» What is meant by “granulomatous diseases of the skin”?
» Explain the role of histiocytes in granulomas.
» What is the difference between an immune granuloma and a foreign body granuloma?
» List some common granulomatous diseases that affect the skin.
» Can granulomas be recognized clinically?
» How do endogenous “foreign” bodies cause granulomas?
» What are the sources of the exogenous foreign body agents?
» Do cosmetic fillers ever produce foreign body granulomas?
» Can the cause of a foreign body reaction be diagnosed histologically?
» What is sarcoidosis?
» How often is the skin involved in sarcoidosis?
» Describe the specific cutaneous findings in sarcoidosis.
» What is lupus pernio?
» Describe the nonspecific cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis.
» Does sarcoidosis ever present in the skin without extracutaneous involvement?
» What is Löfgren’s syndrome?
» What is Heerfordt’s syndrome?
» How should cutaneous sarcoidosis be treated?
» What is the typical presentation of granuloma annulare?
» Do any systemic associations occur with granuloma annulare?
» What is the typical course of granuloma annulare?
» How is granuloma annulare treated?
» What is actinic granuloma?
» Are rheumatoid nodules really a granulomatous disorder?
» Where do rheumatoid nodules typically occur?
» What causes rheumatoid nodules?
» What is accelerated nodulosis?
» Are rheumatoid nodules specific for rheumatoid arthritis?
» Do patients with lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei have lupus erythematosus?




Drug Eruptions

» A patient presents to your office with a 10-page typed out medical history. She states that she is “allergic” to twenty different medicines. Is she likely to have drug allergies or drug intolerances to most of these drugs?
» Name some nonimmunologic drug reactions.
» What is the most common manifestation of an adverse drug reaction?
» How does a cutaneous drug eruption typically present?
» How should a suspected drug reaction be evaluated?
» Which commonly used drugs are most likely to produce a cutaneous reaction?
» Can preexisting diseases enhance the chance of getting a maculopapular skin eruption when using amoxicillin or ampicillin?
» What infectious disease increases the chance of a cutaneous adverse reaction to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole?
» Which feared drug eruption results in sloughing of the entire skin surface and mucous membranes?
» Why do some patients get toxic epidermal necrolysis?
» What is the difference between erythema multiforme major, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis?
» What drugs are typically associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome?
» Which type of drug reaction can result in a quick death?
» What class of drugs is the most common cause of anaphylaxis?
» Name the drugs most likely to induce urticaria.
» How is drug-induced urticaria mediated?
» A 45-year-old white man comes to the emergency room with large areas of nonpitting edema over the face, eyelids, neck, tongue, and mucous membranes, which developed 6 hours ago. Ten days earlier, he started a new drug for hypertension. What is the most likely cause of his reaction?
» A patient is evaluated for a several-day history of fever, malaise, urticaria, arthralgias, lymphadenopathy, and a peculiar erythema along the sides of his palms and soles. He has been started on several new medications in the last few weeks. What is the most likely diagnosis?
» A man complains of a recurrent burning eruption on his penis. He develops a single blister over the glans penis that heals over 1 to 2 weeks with hyperpigmentation. This same pattern has happened on three occasions in the last 2 years. What does he have?
» How does drug-induced lupus erythematosus (LE) differ from idiopathic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
» What drugs are usually associated with drug-induced LE?
» Which drug is usually associated with erythema nodosum?
» What drugs are associated with lichenoid drug eruptions?
» Name the drugs most likely to produce cutaneous hyperpigmentation and discoloration.
» What drugs can produce subepidermal bullae and erosions on the dorsum of the hands?
» Name two drugs that commonly exacerbate porphyria cutanea tarda.
» A 30-year-old white woman is evaluated with a new case of “acne.” Over the last few days, she has suddenly developed erythematous follicular papules and pustules over her upper trunk. She was admitted 3 weeks earlier with an acute exacerbation of SLE that is now improving. What is the most likely diagnosis?
» A middle-aged man who is a dialysis patient presents to your clinic with a “woody” appearance to his legs. He had an MRI with gadolinum-containing contrast a few months prior. What might he be suffering from?
» Describe a typical presentation of warfarin necrosis.
» Name and describe the two types of photoinduced drug eruptions.
» What drugs commonly cause phototoxic drug reactions?
» What drugs commonly cause photoallergic drug reactions?
» What is AGEP? How does it present?
» You have been treating a patient for severe, scarring acne with an oral medication for the last three months. Her acne looks great but now she is starting to lose hair. What drug are you most likely using?




Alopecia

» How is alopecia classified?
» What are some common types of patterned hair loss?
» Can cicatricial and noncicatricial alopecia be differentiated clinically?
» What causes common balding?
» How effective are medical treatments for common balding?
» Is common balding in women managed differently than in men?
» What are the surgical options for treatment of balding?
» Discuss the common causes of circular bald spots.
» What is alopecia totalis?
» How is alopecia areata treated?
» How is tinea capitis treated?
» What is trichotillomania?
» Who is most likely to be affected by trichotillomania?
» Why do cancer patients lose their hair?
» In what other clinical settings can a telogen effluvium occur?
» To what forms of hair loss are black patients susceptible?
» Discuss the mechanism of central, centrifugal, cicatricial alopecia (CCCA).
» Name some medications that cause hair loss.
» What is alopecia mucinosa?
» What is meant by the term “moth-eaten alopecia"?
 

Vasculitis

» How are vasculitic disorders defined and classified?
» Are there specific serologic markers for any of these vasculitic disorders?
» What is a leukocytoclastic vasculitis?
» What are some important precipitating causes of small vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitis?
» What is Henoch-Schönlein purpura?
» What is the mnemonic that can help remember the clinical features of Henoch-Schönlein purpura?
» What is “acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy” and how does it differ from Henoch-Schönlein purpura?
» What are cryoglobulins?
» Can cryoglobulins produce a vasculitis?
» What is Churg-Strauss syndrome?
» What were those features again?
» What is Wegener’s granulomatosis?
» What are the features needed to establish a diagnosis of Wegener’s granulomatosis.
» Is there an easy way to remember these diagnostic criteria?
» List the cutaneous findings in Wegener’s granulomatosis.
» Wegener’s granulomatosis and Churg-Strauss syndrome seem very similar. How do you distinguish between them?
» What forms of treatment are available for Wegener’s granulomatosis and Churg-Strauss syndrome?
» What are the major organs involved in classic (systemic) polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)?
» How is classic polyarteritis nodosa different from Kawasaki disease?
» What is primary cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa?
» What is the primary difference between microscopic polyangiitis and PAN?
» What is the difference between giant cell (temporal) arteritis and Takayasu arteritis?
» What is erythema elevatum diutinum?
» Are there any other obscure disorders known to dermatologists, but little known to other subspecialties, that could be classified as vasculitis?




Deposition Disorders

» How is “deposition disorder” defined?
» What is amyloid?
» How is amyloid identified?
» Name the various types of amyloidosis.
» What are the cutaneous manifestations of primary or myeloma-associated systemic amyloidosis? How often do they occur?
» Name the other organ systems that may be involved in primary or myeloma-associated amyloidosis.
» Compare lichen amyloidosis and macular amyloidosis.
» How does nodular amyloidosis present? With what is it associated?
» In what setting is secondary systemic amyloidosis seen?
» What are the systemic manifestations of secondary systemic amyloidosis?
» What is lipoid proteinosis?
» What is colloid milium?
» Which histologic feature or “deposit” is common to all porphyrias?
» Which porphyria classically demonstrates the largest deposits? What are its cutaneous features?
» Name some of the cutaneous mucinoses.
» Describe the clinical lesions seen in pretibial myxedema and its disease associations.
» Describe the clinical lesions seen in lichen myxedematosus.
» What serum abnormality has been associated with scleromyxedema?
» Describe the clinical lesions in scleredema and its disease associations.
» What is a digital mucous (myxoid) cyst?
» What substance is elevated in gout?
» Where is the uric acid deposited in gout? What are the resulting clinical manifestations?
» How is gout treated?
» How many types of calcinosis cutis are there?
» What underlying medical conditions have been associated with metastatic calcinosis cutis?
» What is calciphylaxis and who develops it?
» What is osteoma cutis?




Photosensitive Dermatitis

» What is the definition of photosensitivity?
» What is the difference between a phototoxic reaction and a photoallergic reaction?
» What is the clinical appearance of a photodistributed eruption?
» Name some of the most common topical phototoxic and photoallergic agents and their action spectrums.
» Name some of the most common systemic phototoxic and photoallergic agents and their action spectrums.
» Give some examples of unique phototoxic reactions.
» What are some scenarios in which the skin may be more sensitive to ultraviolet radiation?
» What are the important questions to ask a patient with suspected photosensitivity?
» What are the most common causes of photosensitive dermatoses?
» What is persistent light reactivity?
» What is polymorphous light eruption (PMLE)?
» How is PMLE diagnosed?
» How is PMLE treated?
» What is actinic prurigo?
» What is solar urticaria?
» Discuss the differential diagnosis of photodermatoses in infants or young children.
» How do hydroa aestivale and hydroa vacciniforme differ?
» Which porphyrias are associated with photodermatoses?
» Describe the cutaneous changes in porphyria cutanea tarda.
» What causes porphyria cutanea tarda?
» How is porphyria cutanea tarda diagnosed?
» How is variegate porphyria distinguished from porphyria cutanea tarda?
» What treatments are used in porphyria cutanea tarda?
» What are the cutaneous findings in erythropoietic protoporphyria?
» How is a diagnosis of erythropoietic protoporphyria made?
» What treatments are used in erythropoietic protoporphyria?
» Do any other medical problems occur in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria?
» Name some other photorelated disorders.




Disorders of Pigmentation

» Are some disorders of pigmentation markers for systemic disease?
» How do you diagnose a pigmentation disorder?
» What are the important elements of a skin examination of a patient with a pigmentation disorder?
» What is a Wood’s lamp?

Leukoderma: partial or complete loss of skin pigmentation
» Name some heritable forms of leukoderma.
» Name the skin disorder that manifests with complete loss of skin pigmentation.
» Describe the clinical appearance of the skin lesions in vitiligo.
» When does vitiligo have its onset?
» Do any factors influence the onset of vitiligo?
» Is vitiligo treatable?
» What is piebaldism?
» What is albinism?
» How does albinism differ from the other inherited leukodermas?
» Can disorders of amino acid metabolism cause leukoderma?
» How do chemicals cause skin depigmentation or skin hypopigmentation?
» Can patients with nutritional disorders suffer from leukoderma?
» What disorders should the clinician consider in a patient with hypopigmented macules and patches?
» What is tuberous sclerosis?
» What is nevus depigmentosus?
» How does nevus depigmentosus compare to hypomelanosis of Ito?
» Which infectious disorders can have associated leukoderma?
» Describe the pigmentation changes seen with the treponematoses.
» What cutaneous lesions are seen with Hansen’s disease?
» Why is lesional skin of tinea versicolor frequently hypopigmented?

Melanoderma: abnormal darkening of the skin
» What are lentigines? What heritable disorders manifest these?
» Why is it important to identify patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome?
» Describe the clinical manifestations of Moynahan’s syndrome.
» Are there pigmentation disorders associated with neurofibromatosis?
» Do any other disorders manifest with CALM?
» What is Becker’s melanosis?
» What is a nevus spilus?
» Do any natural factors stimulate human epidermal pigmentation?
» What drugs are used to stimulate skin pigmentation? How do they work?
» Can other drugs cause increased skin pigmentation?
» Can endocrine and metabolic disorders cause altered skin pigmentation?
» Can forms of radiation other than ultraviolet radiation cause increased skin pigmentation?


Blue-gray dyspigmentation
» Are there other types of dyspigmentation besides leukoderma and melanoderma?
» Name the different types of hyperpigmentation due to excess numbers of derma melanocytes.
» Differentiate a nevus of Ota from a nevus of Ito.
» What types of hyperpigmentation are due to dermal melanin deposition?
» How does erythema ab igne occur?
» Are there any metabolic disorders associated with nonmelanin skin dyspigmentation?
» What pigmentation disorders are associated with heavy-metal deposition in the dermis?
» What drugs can deposit in the dermis and cause pigmentary changes?




Panniculitis

» What is panniculitis?
» Name the various types of panniculitis. How are they classified?
» What is erythema nodosum?
» What is the pathogenesis of erythema nodosum?
» List some of the common underlying conditions associated with erythema nodosum.
» How should a biopsy of erythema nodosum be obtained?
» What are the characteristic microscopic features of erythema nodosum?
» How is erythema nodosum treated?
» What is nodular vasculitis?
» What causes nodular vasculitis?
» Describe the microscopic features of nodular vasculitis.
» What is the differential diagnosis of nodular vasculitis?
» How should nodular vasculitis be treated?
» What are the clinical features of lupus panniculitis?
» Describe the microscopic features of lupus panniculitis.
» What is the significance of diagnosing lupus panniculitis?
» Are sclerema neonatorum and subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn the same thing?
» How similar are the microscopic features of sclerema neonatorum and subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn?
» Why do these disorders occur in neonates and infants?
» What is pancreatic fat necrosis?
» Are there any characteristic histopathologic features of pancreatic fat necrosis?
» What is the role of a-1 antitrypsin deficiency in the development of panniculitis?
» Name some types of trauma that can produce panniculitis.
» Which infectious organisms can produce panniculitis?
» Describe the role of malignancy in producing panniculitis.
» What is lipodystrophy?
» What is lipoatrophy?
» What is lipohypertrophy?
» Discuss the approach to use when attempting to diagnose an “unknown” case of panniculitis.




Acne and Acneiform Eruptions

» How common is acne?
» What is the pathophysiology of acne?
» What are the acne subtypes.
» How does the composition of sebum contribute to the formation of acne?
» Does stress exacerbate acne?
» Does diet affect acne?
» When can teenagers with acne expect their acne to resolve?
» Discuss the topical therapy of acne vulgaris.
» Discuss oral antibiotic use in acne vulgaris.
» Will the oral antibiotics used in acne interfere with the efficacy of oral contraceptives (OCs) to prevent pregnancy?
» Discuss the use of OCs in the treatment of acne.
» When should a patient be started on isotretinoin therapy?
» What are the side effects of isotretinoin?
» What about depression and suicide with isotretinoin?
» Discuss light and laser therapy of acne vulgaris.
» What is SAPHO syndrome?
» Is there a difference between neonatal acne and infantile acne?
» What is neonatal cephalic pustulosis?
» What is perioral dermatitis?
» Do any drugs cause or aggravate acne?
» How does steroid acne differ from acne vulgaris?
» What is pyoderma faciale?
» How do you treat pyoderma faciale?
» What is acne fulminans?
» What is hidradenitis suppurativa?
» How do you treat hidradenitis suppurativa?
» Discuss acne rosacea.
» How is acne rosacea treated?
» What is Favre-Racouchot syndrome?




Autoimmune Connective Tissue Diseases

» Discuss the skin changes of lupus erythematosus.
» What is acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (ACLE)?
» Are there any common skin eruptions that may be confused with acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus?
» What is subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE)?
» Do patients with SCLE have SLE?
» How do you make a diagnosis of SCLE?
» What is the initial workup of SCLE?
» How is SCLE managed?
» What is chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus?
» Describe the skin changes of discoid lupus erythematosus.
» Do patients with DLE develop systemic lupus erythematosus?
» How is discoid lupus erythematosus treated?
» What is minocycline-induced lupus?
» What is lupus panniculitis?
» Describe the bullous eruption of SLE.
» How is the bullous eruption of systemic lupus erythematosus treated?
» What is neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE)?
» Which tests should be done in an infant with suspected NLE?
» Once a diagnosis of NLE is made, what workup should be done?
» What is the lupus band test?
» What is scleroderma?
» What is the CREST syndrome?
» Describe the early cutaneousfindings in progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS).
» What is dermatomyositis?
» Are there skin changes diagnostic of dermatomyositis?
» How do you diagnose dermatomyositis?
» Are any diseases associated with dermatomyositis?
» What is the antisynthetase syndrome?
» What is an overlap syndrome?
» What is mixed connective tissue disease?
» What is the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome?
» What are some other connective tissue diseases with cutaneous manifestations?
» What autoantibodies are associated with the different autoimmune connective tissue diseases?




Urticaria and Angioedema

» What percentage of the population experiences acute urticaria during their lifetime?
» How is acute versus chronic urticaria defined?
» What are the common causes of acute urticaria?
» Are all urticarial reactions from medications allergic (IgE-mediated) in nature?
» What is the cause of most chronic urticaria?
» Is chronic urticaria primarily of allergic etiology?
» How common are the physical urticarias?
» What association has been described between autoantibodies and chronic urticaria?
» What is the “triple response”? Name the components.
» What is the mechanism of the axon reflex?
» List five mediators that are capable of directly causing vasodilatation and increased vascular permeability in the skin.
» Name three mediators that may cause vasodilatation and increased vascular permeability indirectly through action on the mast cell.
» Which cells synthesize histamine releasing factors?
» What cytokines/chemokines may also be increased in urticarial lesions?
» In what form of physical urticaria are subjects at risk of drowning?
» How quickly after the application of cold does whealing develop in acquired cold urticaria?
» Only one form of urticaria has whealing that is sufficiently characteristic to suggest a specific diagnosis. Which one?
» Where does cholinergic urticaria usually develop?
» What are the precipitating events for cholinergic urticaria? By what mechanism do they produce the whealing?
» How are the solar urticarias classified?
» What is Darier’s sign?
» How often does aspirin cause or exacerbate urticaria?
» What is the prognosis of chronic urticaria?
» Much has been discovered in recent years regarding the histopathology of chronic idiopathic urticaria. What three major types of cells may be encountered in increased numbers in these biopsies?
» In contrast to chronic idiopathic urticaria, what are the typical histologic features of urticarial vasculitis?
» Can clinical findings suggest the presence of urticarial vasculitis?
» A number of clues in the patient’s history may suggest that a patient with recurrent angioedema has the hereditary form. Name some.
» Why is C1 esterase deficiency not a part of the differential diagnosis of chronic urticaria?
» Name the recommended screening laboratory test for hereditary angioedema.
» What is the treatment of choice for HAE? How does it work?
» How may a patient with HAE be treated prophylactically prior to elective surgery?
» A 60-year-old patient presents with a new onset of attacks of nonpruritic angioedema and a depressed C4 level. What is the first diagnosis you consider?
» Certain drugs have been identified as being particularly effective for a subset of patients with chronic urticaria or angioedema. What are these drugs, and when is a trial with them indicated?
» What three mediator antagonists have been reported to be useful in symptomatic control of urticaria?

 

 

 

 

 

 

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