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Lasers in Dermatology

»	What does the term “laser” stand for?
»	What does “stimulated emission of radiation” mean?
»	How is the light amplified in the laser system?
»	What types of medium are used in laser systems?
»	What are the special features of laser light?
»	Why is monochromatic light useful?
»	What is selective photothermolysis?
»	What is an ablative laser?
»	What is a nonablative laser?
»	What is Q-switching?
»	What is a fractional laser?
»	How are the types of dermatologic lasers classified?
»	What lasers have historic interest but are seldom used?
»	What are the basic features of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser?
»	What are some uses for the standard carbon dioxide laser?
»	How is the CO₂ laser used for resurfacing?
»	What precautions must be used with the CO₂ laser?
»	What are the basic features of the erbium:YAG laser?
»	What are pulsed dye lasers?
»	What is the flashlamp pulsed dye vascular lesion laser used to treat?
»	What is nonablative resurfacing and how does a pulsed dye laser accomplish this?
»	What are the disadvantages of the pulsed dye laser?
»	What is an Nd:YAG laser?
»	How are the long-pulsed Nd:YAG (1064-nm) lasers used?
»	How are the long-pulsed KTP lasers used?
»	How are the Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers used?
»	What is the alexandrite laser?
»	How are the alexandrite lasers used?
»	What is the ruby laser?
»	How are the ruby lasers used?
»	What is a diode laser?
»	How are the diode lasers used?
»	What are nonablative fractional lasers, and for what are they used?
»	What are ablative fractional lasers, and how are they used?
»	What is an intense pulse light machine?
»	What are IPL machines used to treat?
»	Are there any risks for IPL use?
»	What is radiofrequency resurfacing?
»	Are there any risks with radiofrequency treatments?
»	What new technologies will soon be available?

What is an Nd:YAG laser?

The Nd:YAG laser uses an yttrium-aluminum-garnet crystal in which neodymium has been dispersed into the crystal. The standard wavelength of light emitted is 1064 nm, which is in the near-infrared spectrum. The light from these lasers may be passed through a potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) crystal to double the frequency, halving the wavelength to 532 nm, in the green spectral region. These lasers are usually referred to as KTP lasers. Nd:YAG lasers may be long-pulsed in the 3- to 100-msec pulse duration range or Q-switched with pulses in the 5- to 50-nsec pulse range.