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Cutaneous Manifestations of Endocrinologic Disease

»	How does endocrinologic disease cause skin disorders?
»	What is necrobiosis lipoidica?
»	Do all patients with necrobiosis lipoidica have diabetes?
»	Is necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum common in patients with diabetes?
»	Does glucose control affect necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum?
»	What other skin findings are associated with insulin resistance?
»	What does acanthosis nigricans look like?
»	Is diabetes the only condition associated with acanthosis nigricans?
»	What bacterial infections are more common in diabetic patients?
»	What are the most common fungal skin infections associated with diabetes?
»	Are there more dangerous fungal infections associated with diabetes?
»	Why are diabetic patients in ketoacidosis especially prone to mucormycosis?
»	What other skin disorders are commonly encountered in diabetic patients?
»	Describe the clinical manifestation of pretibial myxedema.
»	Why does treatment of Graves’ disease have no effect on pretibial myxedema?
»	What are the skin manifestations of hypothyroidism?
»	Why do hypothyroid patients have yellow skin?
»	Why do hypothyroid patients have thickened skin?
»	How does the myxedema of hypothyroidism differ from pretibial myxedema of Graves’ disease?
»	Are the skin changes of hypothyroidism reversible with thyroid replacement?
»	What are the skin manifestations of hyperthyroidism?
»	Which hormone gives the skin a darkened or tanned appearance?
»	What skin disease is associated with insulin-dependent diabetes, hypothyroidism, and Addison’s disease?
»	What skin findings are associated with glucocorticoid excess or Cushing’s disease?
»	Are the skin changes caused by excess glucocorticoids reversible?
»	Which hormones have the greatest effect on sebaceous glands and hair?
»	Are there medications and nutritional supplements that may cause acne?
»	What hormonal methods are available to treat acne?
»	What are xanthelasma?
»	What are eruptive xanthomas?
»	How do eruptive xanthomas differ from tuberous xanthomas?
»	What are the cutaneous features of acromegaly?
»	How does panhypopituitarism affect the skin?
»	How do you diagnose endocrine disease from skin findings?

Why are diabetic patients in ketoacidosis especially prone to mucormycosis?

These fungi prefer an acid pH, grow rapidly in high-glucose media, and are some of the few fungi that utilize ketones as a growth substrate. All these growth requirements are present in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis.